Occupational Therapy vs. Physical Therapy Explained

by Stanley Paul, OTR/L, PhD, MD; and Jeff Houck, PT, PhD

Occupational therapy (OT) and physical therapy (PT) are distinct but closely related professions that often collaborate as part of a patient’s rehab team. Because of overlapping settings and shared goals, they’re sometimes mistaken for one another — but each brings a unique focus to patient care.

Both occupational therapists and physical therapists work with people of all ages to help them regain function after an injury or illness, with the goal of improving their overall health.

The main difference between these occupations is where the focus lies:

• The primary goal of an occupational therapist is to improve a patient’s ability to do meaningful daily activities through adaptations, skill-building, and cognitive or physical support.
• The primary goal of a physical therapist is to improve a patient’s ability to move their body.

Physical therapist and George Fox University physical therapy professor Christen Johnson says the relationship between the two professions is very collaborative:

"On a single team, PTs and OTs often spend more time with each other than with therapists from their own discipline because they share a patient or client. PTs and OTs regularly get to combine their skill sets and benefit from the other's perspective. This close partnership between two different healthcare professionals on behalf of one patient is unique and powerful when they can leverage each other's skills to the patient's advantage."

Stanley Paul, director of George Fox's occupational therapy doctorate program agrees:

"PT and OT are sister professions where the principles of patient-centered care, holistic approach to rehabilitation, and teamwork are shared by both professions and underscore their ability to work together effectively for improved patient outcomes"

Terms Defined

Occupational therapy is the evaluation and treatment of people who have injuries, illnesses or disabilities to help them develop or regain skills needed for the activities of daily living, such as bathing and showering, grooming, dressing, getting out of bed and feeding themselves.

Physical therapy is the hands-on evaluation and treatment of movement dysfunction through exercise prescriptions and patient education with an eye toward strengthening, restoration and optimal performance.

The Similarities

The similarities between the two professions stem from the basic and clinical training required for each. Both rely heavily on health sciences associated with movement, which include biomechanics, kinesiology and motor control. A basic understanding of common diseases that influence movement require knowledge of anatomy, neuroscience and physiology.

Both physical and occupational therapy rely on these basic sciences to help patients recover from injury or surgery, manage chronic conditions, and maintain a healthy lifestyle through prevention and wellness programs.

As a result, these similarities in training often mean physical therapists and occupational therapists do the same work. For example, 85% of certified hand therapists are occupational therapists and 15% are physical therapists.

In addition, both forms of therapy work with people of all ages who have any single or combined health condition that affects their ability to complete daily functions, move, and engage socially.

This may include individuals who have experienced or been diagnosed with:

• A spinal cord injury
• A stroke
• Cancer
• A progressive neurologic disease
• A cardiopulmonary disease
• Development delays in children

The path to becoming either an OT or PT requires completion of an accredited graduate program and passing a licensing exam. Physical therapists receive a doctorate in physical therapy after two to three years of post-bachelor’s training, while occupational therapists complete either a master’s degree (MOT) or a doctorate in occupational therapy (OTD) prior to a licensing exam.

The Differences

Differences start to emerge with the goals and focus of these related disciplines:

The Role of Occupational Therapists

Occupational therapy focuses on retraining to perform functional tasks and integration into new or previous social roles (e.g. work). Therefore, clinical training for occupational therapists focuses more on psychosocial issues, activities of daily living, and reintegration with work roles.

Occupational therapists typically work on and provide recommendations for:

• Activities of daily living (ADL), such as bathing, dressing and eating
• Adaptive equipment, such as shower chairs, or equipment to make daily tasks easier
• Caregiver and family training
• Planning and making the most of daily routines
• Returning to work, school and leisure activities
• Techniques to aid in memory, concentration and executive functioning (e.g., planning and prioritizing, functional cognition)
• Falls prevention, home safety assessments, and accessibility 

Occupational therapists can help patients ranging from a child with autism, an older adult following a stroke and a young person who had a traumatic brain injury to an athlete who had a shoulder injury, a wounded warrior with a double amputation, and an older adult with arthritis who wants to live independently.

The Role of Physical Therapists

Physical therapy traditionally focuses on the diagnosis of movement dysfunction and physical restoration of the body to enhance quality of life. This has led to a significant role in management of common musculoskeletal injuries.

Recently, how mental health influences recovery and disease management has also become a focus. Physical therapy typically offers multimodal care to personalize the experience for patients. The focus is to meet each person’s individual goals through restorative approaches and return to preferred physical activities. 

Physical therapists typically do the following:

• Review patients’ medical history and referrals or notes from doctors, surgeons, or other healthcare workers
• Diagnose patients’ functions and movements by observing them stand or walk and by listening to their concerns
• Develop individualized plans of care for patients, outlining the patients’ goals and the expected outcomes of the plans
• Use exercises, stretching maneuvers, hands-on therapy and equipment to ease patients’ pain, help them increase their mobility, prevent further pain or injury, and facilitate health and wellness
• Evaluate and record their patients’ progress, modifying the plan of care and trying new treatments as needed
• Educate patients and their families about what to expect from the recovery process and how to cope with challenges throughout the process

Physical therapists can work with anyone of any age, including those experiencing pain, recovering from surgery, athletes, postpartum individuals, children with developmental delays, older adults at risk of falling, and those with other complex medical conditions.

Where do OTs and PTs Typically Work?

Physical and occupational therapists work in similar settings:

Work Settings for Occupational Therapists

The Bureau of Labor Statistics reported that the largest employers of occupational therapists in 2023 were:

• Hospitals: 29%
• Offices of physical, occupational and speech therapists, and audiologists: 28%
• Elementary and secondary schools: 13%
• Home healthcare services: 8%
• Skilled nursing facilities: 7%

OT services are provided by licensed occupational therapy clinicians (occupational therapists and occupational therapy assistants) in a wide range of locations, including:

• A patient’s home
• Community settings (e.g., outpatient clinics, community centers, shelters)
• Hospitals
• Assisted living facilities
• Senior homes
• Nursing homes
• Outpatient clinics
• Primary care offices
• Schools

OT clinicians may work as consultants or as assistive technology and health information providers, and in the areas of human-centered design, addressing the health of communities, education (e.g. schools, higher education), health promotion programs, driving and community mobility, and low-vision therapy.

Work Settings for Physical Therapists

According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, the largest employers of physical therapists in 2023 were:

• Offices of physical, occupational and speech therapists, and audiologists: 35%
• Hospitals: 28%
• Home healthcare services: 10%
• Nursing and residential care facilities: 6%
• Self-employed: 4%

They may work in the following arenas/areas of treatment:

• Sports medicine
• Orthopedic injuries
• Cardiopulmonary rehabilitation
• Neurologic diseases
• Cancer management
• A host of chronic conditions

Recently, physical therapy has focused on behavior change as an outcome to prevent and help manage chronic conditions.

Learn More

Still have questions? George Fox University’s Occupational Therapy Doctorate and Doctor of Physical Therapy sites offer more insight into the roles of the professions, the courses of study required to earn the respective degrees, and the financial aid available.